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| 429 BC |
| | | Pericles dies in Athens of the plague | |
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| 427 BC |
| | | Athenians vote to kill all the men on the captured island of Mytilene, but the next day change their mind - almost too late | |
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| c. 425 BC |
| | | Aristophanes wins first prize in Athens for his comedy The Acharnians | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama Buddha preaches his first sermon, at Sarnath, setting out the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama, after a night of meditation under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, is 'enlightened' and becomes the Buddha | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | The Greek philosopher Democritus declares that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | Buddha introduces a vigorous tradition of monasticism, in the order of Buddhist monks known as Sangha | |
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| 416 BC |
| | | The Athenians, capturing Melos, kill all the males of the island and sell the women and children into slavery | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| c. 410 BC |
| | | The Greeks develop the three classical styles of column, the Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian | |
|  | Corinthian Column
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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